Pakistan Navy Plans Modernization, Indigenization

[Riaz Haq]

Admiral Naveed Ashraf, Pakistan Navy Chief, spoke of his vision for "indigenization and modernization" of his branch of the Pakistani military on the eve of multinational AMAN 2025 naval exercises. Biennial AMAN Exercise and Dialogue this year attracted 60 nations from Australia to Zimbabwe (A to Z). China, the United States, Turkey and Japan were among the countries which participated in it. 

Some of the AMAN 2025 Participants in Karachi, Pakistan

Pakistan has a 1,000 kilometers long coastline on the Arabian Sea with maritime sovereignty over 200 nautical miles deep Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) and 150 nautical miles of Continental Shelf. This adds 290,000 square kilometers of sea or about 36% of the country's land area open for tapping vast resources in it. Pakistan's "Blue Economy" in this extended economic zone includes seafood and energy resources as well as international trade connectivity with the rest of the world. It offers opportunities for water sports, recreation and tourism in the coastal areas of Pakistan. 

Over the next 10 years, Pakistan has plans to build a modern well-equipped naval force with 50 ships ranging from frigates and submarines to corvettes and offshore patrol vessels.  Recently, Pakistan Navy has inducted Type 054 A/P frigates from China, Offshore Patrol Vessels Batch-I and Batch-II from Romania and MILGEM-class corvette from Türkiye.  "These platforms with the latest weapons and sensors will be a significant addition to the Pakistan Navy’s existing capabilities to effectively deal with today’s complex multi-threat environment", Ashraf told John Hill of "Naval Technology" publication.  "The Jinnah-class frigate marks a significant advancement for my Navy as our first indigenously designed and produced large warship", he added. 

As part of its modernization and indigenization effort, Pakistan is building its domestic defense industry to reduce dependence on imports. The Pakistani Navy Chief explained: "Currently, our industrial base is developing and gearing up for this initiative and we anticipate that our technological capabilities will grow throughout the program. This growth will be facilitated through partnerships with experienced defense partners from friendly countries". China and Turkey are Pakistan's closest partners in this effort.  Pakistan’s defense acquisition budget is forecast to register a compound annual growth rate of 11.4% over the next four years: it is projected to reach $3.1 billion in 2029 from $2 billion in 2025, according to GlobalData intelligence.

In terms of military diplomacy, Pakistan is working with a much larger group of nations represented at the AMAN Exercises and Dialogue 2025. The list includes Australia, Azerbaijan, Bahrain, Bangladesh, Belarus, Brazil, Brunei, Burundi, Cambodia, Canada, China, Comoros, Czech, Djibouti, Egypt, Fiji, France, Germany, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Italy, Japan, Jordan, Kazakhstan, Kenya, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA), Kuwait, Libya, Malaysia, Maldives, Morocco, Myanmar, Netherland, Nigeria, Oman, Pakistan, Palestine, Philippines, Qatar, Romania, Russia, Seychelles, South Africa, South Korea, Spain, Sri Lanka, Switzerland, Tajikistan, Tanzania, Thailand, Timor-Leste, Tunisia, Türkiye, UAE, Uganda, UK, USA and Zimbabwe. 

Over two dozen ships from twelve navies participated in an international fleet review off the coast of Pakistan – the grand finale to multinational naval exercise AMAN 2025 that saw a record 60 nations participate, according to media reports. 

Here's an Aljazeera video of AMAN 2025:

https://youtu.be/ghuOerEfNFs?si=o3N_a4IUsQ52ez5R

 

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[Riaz Haq]

Are Pakistan Navy assets networked with Pakistan Air Force?

Search Labs | AI Overview
Yes, Pakistan Navy assets are networked with the Pakistan Air Force (PAF) as part of their efforts to achieve inter-services integration and enhance interoperability.
Evidence of Networking:
Joint Exercises: The Pakistan Air Force (PAF) and Pakistan Navy (PN) conduct joint exercises like "Sea Spark" and "RIBAT-2018" to validate war fighting concepts and enhance interoperability between naval and air assets.
Networking of Key Assets: There is evidence that Pakistan has an objective of integrating key assets such as AEW&C (Airborne Early Warning and Control) aircraft and surface warships through networking.
Data Link System: Pakistan has developed a homegrown data link system known as "Link-17" to facilitate data-link connectivity between the Army, Navy, and Air Force. This suggests an effort towards achieving tactical operational benefits through integrated communication.
Air Support and Interoperability: The Pakistan Air Force provides essential air support to the Pakistan Navy to cover aerial threats, especially for the PN which lacks a credible medium-to-long-range anti-air warfare capability from its surface fleet. Joint exercises like RIBAT-2018 contribute to improving interoperability between the two services.
JF-17 Integration: The PAF's JF-17 fighter aircraft have been tested and equipped to deploy anti-ship missiles like the C-802AK. This further indicates integration and coordination between the two services.
In summary, the Pakistan Armed Forces, including the Navy and Air Force, have taken steps towards greater integration and networking of their assets, conducting joint exercises and developing data link systems to enhance interoperability and operational effectiveness.

[Riaz Haq]

Zohaib Ahmed 
@Zohaib_Author
Pakistan’s recent fielding and flight trials of the P-282 / “SMASH” anti-ship ballistic missile (ship-launched test reported at ~350 km range in Nov 2024) mark a concrete, near-term ASBM capability tailored for A2/AD operations and littoral denial. Technically, Pakistan’s ASBM approach emphasizes platform diversity and distributive launch (ship-launched P-282/SMASH plus sub-launched Babur-III SLCM), relatively compact ranges matched to Arabian Sea engagement geometry, and integration with naval ISR (UAVs, coastal radars, and satcom) to enable over-the-horizon targeting and terminal guidance, design choices that favour tactical surprise, salvo saturation, and rapid dispersal.

https://x.com/Zohaib_Author/status/1985455738446365056

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Zohaib Ahmed 
@Zohaib_Author
The Zarb coastal battery’s core strength is its networked, mobile anti-ship strike package that pairs long-range cruise missiles with integrated maritime ISR and fire-control, enabling rapid, distributed salvoes from dispersed launchers rather than a single fixed battery.
Technically, it combines coastal AESA or shore radars, EO/IR cueing, secure datalinks to airborne and shipborne sensors, and missiles with INS/GNSS midcourse guidance plus a terminal seeker for sea-skimming approach and target discrimination.
That architecture gives you three decisive advantages: stand-off strike so your shooters stay outside hostile air-defence envelopes, salvo saturation that overwhelms layered interceptors, and shoot-and-scoot mobility that limits preemption.

https://x.com/Zohaib_Author/status/1985644915305693216

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Zohaib Ahmed 
@Zohaib_Author
Why Pakistan Isn’t Losing Sleep Over the BrahMos Missile?

Once hailed as a symbol of Indo-Russian engineering genius, the BrahMos was supposed to change South Asia’s strategic balance. But in the 2025 conflict, it barely scratched the surface, literally. Despite its Mach-3 speed, Pakistan’s defences absorbed the strike with minimal damage.

The data tells a blunt truth: speed without impact is just noise.

Pakistan’s integrated air defence systems, advanced electronic warfare, and hardened infrastructure have turned the BrahMos from a “game-changer” into a glorified firecracker.

Read how perception met performance, and lost.

https://zohaibauthor.com/2025/11/04/why-pakistan-is-least-worried-a...

https://x.com/Zohaib_Author/status/1985636867363258411

[Riaz Haq]

Turkish Century
@TurkishCentury
🇵🇰🇹🇷 Pakistan's Navy has reportedly inked a contract with the #Karachi Shipyard to begin the construction of the advanced #Jinnah-class multirole frigate!

Based on the #ASFAT AS3400 platform with full ToT (Transfer of Technology), the Jinnah-class is the most recent outcome of the extensive Turkish-Pakistani cooperation in #shipbuilding and naval systems engineering that is rooted in the #Milgem-PN program that gave the world the formidable #Babur-class heavy corvettes.

Jinnah is a highly advanced 3300+ton frigate customized for the unique needs of brotherly Pakistan with the goal of complete domination of the seas, as well as the sky above and the depths below. Armed with #antiship, #antiaircraft, cruise missiles as well as heavy torpedoes, it fully covers all aspects of littoral & blue-water operations, anti-ship/air/submarine warfare, and power projection in the high seas.

First steel-cutting is expected within a few months with plans to build a total of six (6) frigates.

https://x.com/TurkishCentury/status/1985985856453120185

[Riaz Haq]

Sea Sultan Long-Range Maritime Patrol Aircraft (LRMPA)

https://quwa.org/pakistan/pakistan-navy/aircraft/sea-sultan-long-ra...

The Pakistan Navy’s (PN) Sea Sultan Long-Range Maritime Patrol Aircraft (LRMPA) represents a significant modernization effort to replace its aging fleet of P-3C Orion maritime patrol aircraft. The PN currently has three Sea Sultan LRPMAs on order, but it intends to acquire 10 aircraft in total.

Overall, the Sea Sultan LRMPA is among several original PN programs, such as the forthcoming Jinnah-class frigate and 38.8 patrol boat. These projects signify the PN’s emerging approach of working with different overseas partners to co-design, co-develop, and co-produce solutions that closely deliver on the PN’s needs while working within Pakistan’s fiscal constraints.

Sea Sultan Program Background
The Sea Sultan program emerged from Pakistan’s need to replace its P-3C Orion fleet with a modern jet-powered platform. In 2018, the PN announced its interest in acquiring a new LRMPA, initially considering options from the United States.

In January 2020, the PN released a tender seeking one twin-engine jet-powered aircraft intended for use as a LRMPA. By October 2020, the PN announced that it acquired the aircraft, which was later revealed to be a second-hand Embraer Lineage 1000E. In September 2021, the PN officially launched the LRMPA program and designated the system as the “Sea Sultan”.

Program Development
Initially, Leonardo was selected as the prime contractor for the Sea Sultan program. Leonardo was tasked with designing, modifying, installing, and integrating the anti-submarine warfare (ASW) and general maritime patrol package. Leonardo was likely chosen at the time for its past experience in supplying subsystems and torpedo-release hardware for the PN’s RAS-72 Sea Eagle MPA.

South Africa’s Paramount Group was contracted to manage the Lineage 1000E’s pre-conversion as well as maintenance, repair, and overhaul (MRO) work.

However, in 2021, it seemed that the PN adjusted the terms for each contractor, with Paramount Group becoming the lead contractor and Leonardo focusing specifically on supplying hardware.

In addition, the PN also contracted the South African company Aerosud. Aerosud is supplying two sets of specialized interiors for the Sea Sultan, including mission-specific components like galleys, observer tables, class dividers, and equipment stowages. The design work for these inputs lasted for 18 months and was completed in early 2024, with manufacturing starting in May 2024.

Sea Sultan LRMPA Specifications
Base Platform (Embraer Lineage 1000E)
Length: 36.24 m
Wingspan: 28.72 m
Maximum Takeoff Weight: 54,500 kg
Range: 8,500 km
Service Ceiling: 12,000 m
Cruise Speed: Mach 0.82
Expected Subsystems
Main Search Radar: TBC (likely Leonardo Seaspray 7300E AESA radar)
Electro-Optical/Infrared Turret: TBC
Electronic Support Measures (ESM): TBC (likely RIBAT)
Defensive Aids Measures: TBC (likely RWR, MAWS, and Chaff/Flares)
Communications: TBC (likely HF/VHF/UHF and SATCOM)
Operational Roles
Anti-Submarine Warfare (ASW)
Anti-Surface Warfare (ASuW)
Intelligence, Surveillance, and Reconnaissance (ISR)
Search-and-Rescue (SAR)

[Riaz Haq]

Sea Sultan Long-Range Maritime Patrol Aircraft (LRMPA)

https://quwa.org/pakistan/pakistan-navy/aircraft/sea-sultan-long-ra...

Key Capabilities of the Sea Sultan LRMPA
Multi-Mission Platform
The Sea Sultan LRMPA will be a fully capable ASuW, ASW, and ISR platform.

In terms of ASuW, a scaled mock up of the Sea Sultan suggests the aircraft could be armed with four anti-ship missiles (AShM). It is unclear if these AShM will be a cruising missile or air-launched ballistic missiles (ALBM). However, it is worth noting that Pakistan is developing its own series of compact, but long-range, air-launched cruise missiles (ALCM).

It is unclear how Paramount Group will configure the Sea Sultan’s ASW capabilities. For example, it may use external hardpoints (like the RAS-72) for lightweight torpedoes, or an internal bay that is attached to the fuselage. External hardpoints would mean creating trade-offs between the Sea Sultan’s ASuW and ASW payloads. It is not known what torpedoes the Sea Sultan will use, but as with AShM solutions, Pakistan is also developing its own lightweight torpedo (Eghraaq).

As part of its original tender for an aircraft platform, the PN specified that it will use the LRMPA for ‘airborne early warning’ (AEW). It appears that an AEW role would be integrated into the LRMPA via its standard sensor suite. So, one could see a scenario where the main search radar is used for providing other air and surface platforms with situational awareness.

In addition, the Sea Sultan will also be equipped with an ESM suite. One could reasonably expect the PN to configure the domestically built RIBAT ESM suite to the LRMPA. This would provide the aircraft with electronic intelligence (ELINT) capabilities, i.e., an array of passive sensors designed for monitoring airspace for all enemy radar and communications emissions. These ELINT systems will record the transmissions of those radar and communications signals for use in threat libraries for electronic countermeasures (ECM)-based jamming and spoofing systems.

Extended Range for Long-Endurance Missions
As the Sea Sultan is based on the Embraer Lineage 1000E, it will leverage that aircraft’s range and endurance benefits. For example, the Lineage 1000E provides a ferry range of over 4,000 nautical miles, a significant boost compared to the 2,500 nautical mile range of the airliners the Lineage 1000E is based on, the E190-E2 and E195-E2.

Indigenous Subsystems Integration
The PN already leverages an array of domestically built subsystems, most notably the RIBAT-line of ESM systems and the ‘Link Green’ tactical data-link (TDL) protocol. It is likely that the new Sea Sultan LRMPAs will use both of these subsystems.

It is unclear if the Sea Sultan will use domestically designed sensor systems, such as an EO/IR turret or main search radar. However, both types of sensors are currently under development in Pakistan, with multiple vendors (such as NRTC and NASTP) engaging in radar work.

Indigenous Weapons Compatibility
It seems that Pakistan is working towards configuring the Sea Sultan with homegrown weapon systems. For example, the Pakistani defence industry recently revealed the Rasoob 250 ALCM and Eghraaq lightweight torpedo (LWT).

In the context of the Sea Sultan, the Rasoob 250 would make for a plausible option as its design echoes some of the concepts found in other lightweight ALCMs, like the Joint Strike Missile (JSM). The Rasoob 250 weighs 285 kg and offers a maximum range of 350 km.

While its warhead is small compared to most other anti-ship missiles (at 75 kg), Pakistan could potentially develop a larger variant optimized for the Sea Sultan specifically (and, consequently, closer in dimensions and weight to the JSM).

The Eghraaq is classed as an “ultra-lightweight” torpedo similar in capabilities to the Leonardo MU90 or Saab Torped 47. If it materializes, the Eghraaq could be a likely choice for use from the Sea Sultan. An accompanying sonobuoy is also under development.

[Riaz Haq]

Zhao DaShuai 东北进修🇨🇳
@zhao_dashuai
Pakistan will receive the Hangor-class submarine from China next year, it will be the 1st hull of 8.

It's derived from China's Type-039A class submarine, with AIP capabilities. Which means it can travel underwater for around 2 weeks without the need to surface. Acting as a strategic threat to India.

This is a game-changing platform for the region, because India has no submarines to match, none of India's diesel-electric submarines have AIP, they don't have nuclear attack subs either.

So if India decides to strut their useless navy around the next time they start a war, to satisfy their loincloth imperialist wet dream, then Pakistan can easily ambush and demolish India's surface fleet.

What's great about submarine deals, is that they are very covert, you can pack anything in those torpedo tubes and sail them to Pakistan; Such as maybe our YJ-19 submarine launched hypersonic missiles.

You don't know, we don't know, neither will the Indians, but they will find out the next time they start something.

https://x.com/zhao_dashuai/status/1987369560786313303?s=20

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The delivery also suggests that Beijing has overcome a major technical hurdle in the vessels’ construction, observers say

https://www.scmp.com/news/china/military/article/3332051/pakistans-...

However, Pakistan has yet to receive delivery of the first batch of submarines.

One reason for the delay could stem from China’s struggle to source the German-made MTU396 diesel engines, of which the Type 039A submarines require four.

In 2021, Germany refused to approve export licences for the engines for China, citing a European Union arms embargo imposed in 1989 following the Tiananmen Square crackdown as well as media reports that revealed dual use of the German engines in Chinese naval vessels.

The same issue was reportedly behind a delay in a deal with Thailand, which in 2017 approved a contract worth 13.5 billion baht (US$415 million) to buy a diesel-electric submarine based on the Type 039A submarine, scheduled for delivery in 2023.

Consequently, the submarine engines had to be replaced with Chinese-made CHD620 engines. In August, Bangkok signed a revised agreement with Beijing to resume the submarine procurement after the engine constraint halted construction in 2021.

Pakistan’s new submarines are expected to be propelled by the CHD620 as well.

Odgaard said the headway signalled that China had “largely resolved” the supply-chain constraint caused by Germany’s engine embargo.

“This is major progress for China’s naval export capabilities, allowing it to bypass Western technology dependencies,” she added.

But the Chinese variant of the engine has yet to prove its operational capabilities, particularly in noise vulnerabilities and integration into underwater systems. Concerns could flare over the engine’s application in Pakistani and Thai submarines.

[Riaz Haq]

Pakistan’s navy is set to have Chinese subs in 2026. What does it mean for India? | South China Morning Post

The delivery also suggests that Beijing has overcome a major technical hurdle in the vessels’ construction, observers say

https://www.scmp.com/news/china/military/article/3332051/pakistans-...

Confirmation from Pakistan’s top naval official that Chinese submarines will soon arrive in the South Asian country suggests India’s dominance of the Indian Ocean could be tested and that Beijing has overcome a major technical hurdle, according to analysts.

In an interview with Global Times, affiliated with People’s Daily, Admiral Naveed Ashraf, the Pakistani chief of naval staff, said the first batch of Hangor-class, conventionally powered attack submarines jointly built by China and Pakistan was expected to enter service in the South Asian country’s navy next year.

Ashraf said the submarine programme was “progressing smoothly” and notable for boosting Islamabad’s submarine force capabilities, contributing to “self-reliance through transfer of technology and skill development” and reflecting close Sino-Pakistani collaboration on naval equipment.

Chinese-origin platforms and equipment had been reliable, technologically advanced and well-suited to the Pakistan Navy’s operational requirements, Ashraf said, according to the Global Times article published on Sunday.

Emerging technologies such as uncrewed systems, artificial intelligence and advanced electronic warfare systems were becoming increasingly important, he said, adding that Pakistan’s navy was focusing on these areas and exploring collaboration with China.

Pakistan is the world’s largest importer of Chinese weapons, accounting for 63 per cent of Beijing’s total global arms exports between 2020 and 2024, according to a database compiled by the Stockholm International Peace Research Institute.

The imports from China include naval systems. Islamabad has procured four Type 054 frigates – dubbed Tughril-class frigates in the Pakistan Navy – which have all entered into service since 2021.

Liselotte Odgaard of Hudson Institute, a Washington-based think tank, said New Delhi’s naval dominance in the Indian Ocean was being “challenged”, especially in the undersea domain.

Odgaard said the Hangor-class submarines would boost Pakistan’s anti-access and area-denial capabilities, particularly in the northern Arabian Sea, a vital route for energy and trade that connects to the Persian Gulf.

China’s strategic corridor via Pakistan’s port city of Gwadar and its growing presence across the Indian Ocean in Djibouti, Sri Lanka and Myanmar meant these submarines could support Beijing’s maritime routes to the Middle East, she added.

The Hangor-class submarines would also “significantly enhance Pakistan’s deterrence posture, complicating India’s maritime strategy and contributing to China’s broader Indo-Pacific ambitions”, she said.

Unlike its regional rival India, Pakistan’s navy lacks a nuclear-powered submarine, instead fielding five conventional attack submarines it imported from France.

In contrast, India has in recent years commissioned two indigenously developed nuclear-powered ballistic missile submarines – the INS Arihant and INS Arighaat – with another undergoing sea trials.

Nuclear-powered submarines are deemed superior to other submarines, as they can submerge without needing to refuel. This allows them to operate at higher speeds for longer periods than their non-nuclear counterparts, giving them greater range.

Jagannath Panda of the Institute for Security and Development Policy, a Stockholm-based think tank, said a completed Hangor-class submarine fleet would “thicken” Pakistan’s sea-denial posture in the northern Arabian Sea.

Panda said this would complicate Indian carrier and surface operations, imposing higher anti-submarine warfare costs on sea lines from the Strait of Hormuz to the western Indian coast.

[Riaz Haq]

https://www.scmp.com/news/china/military/article/3332051/pakistans-...

He (Panda) added that while the development would not cause a “decisive tilt”, Pakistani submarines would bring a “meaningful, sustained increase” in Islamabad’s undersea leverage and China’s operational familiarity in the waters west of Malacca.

The programme “tightens China-Pakistan defence interdependence training”, giving Beijing a deeper, routine presence in the northern Indian Ocean region that “dovetails with China’s energy sea-route interests towards the Middle East”, Panda said.

The Type 039A submarines on which the Hangor-class is based can use air-independent propulsion that does not require atmospheric oxygen to generate power.

This eliminates the need for the submarines to snorkel over the surface every few days and allows them to submerge for up to three weeks and about 60 days of total mission time.

Odgaard called the inclusion of Hangor-class submarines in Pakistan’s navy a “significant” development for regional naval dynamics.

Under its deal signed in 2015, Pakistan was to procure eight Hangor-class, diesel-electric attack submarines from China based on the Type 039A submarine now in service with the Chinese navy.

The US$5 billion partnership between China Shipbuilding Industry Corporation and the Karachi Shipyard & Engineering Works was considered Beijing’s largest-ever arms export contract.

In 2016, the head of Pakistan’s submarine programme told the National Assembly, the country’s legislative body, that the first four submarines built by China would be delivered by 2023. Another four, built by Pakistan under a technology transfer agreement, were to be delivered by 2028.

However, Pakistan has yet to receive delivery of the first batch of submarines.

One reason for the delay could stem from China’s struggle to source the German-made MTU396 diesel engines, of which the Type 039A submarines require four.

In 2021, Germany refused to approve export licences for the engines for China, citing a European Union arms embargo imposed in 1989 following the Tiananmen Square crackdown as well as media reports that revealed dual use of the German engines in Chinese naval vessels.

The same issue was reportedly behind a delay in a deal with Thailand, which in 2017 approved a contract worth 13.5 billion baht (US$415 million) to buy a diesel-electric submarine based on the Type 039A submarine, scheduled for delivery in 2023.

Consequently, the submarine engines had to be replaced with Chinese-made CHD620 engines. In August, Bangkok signed a revised agreement with Beijing to resume the submarine procurement after the engine constraint halted construction in 2021.

Pakistan’s new submarines are expected to be propelled by the CHD620 as well.

Odgaard said the headway signalled that China had “largely resolved” the supply-chain constraint caused by Germany’s engine embargo.

“This is major progress for China’s naval export capabilities, allowing it to bypass Western technology dependencies,” she added.

But the Chinese variant of the engine has yet to prove its operational capabilities, particularly in noise vulnerabilities and integration into underwater systems. Concerns could flare over the engine’s application in Pakistani and Thai submarines.

Collin Koh of the Institute of Defence and Strategic Studies at the S. Rajaratnam School of International Studies in Singapore said the CHD620 engine had been reverse-engineered from the German MTU design.

To date, the Chinese navy has had no publicly known instances of encountering major operational issues, according to Koh.

“They could have also not just indigenised but enhanced these associated technologies,” he added.

“In other words, even if Chinese submarine propulsion might not be on par with Western state-of-the-art models, they could at least offer reasonable performance with the given price tag.”

[Riaz Haq]

Tactical Tipu
@Tactical_Tipu
Admiral Arun is very much right that India's Naval ASW backed by P-8 Poseidon will be a major player.

But fortunately enough for Pakistan Navy, Pakistan Air Force enjoys complete air superiority and these ASW platforms could not be protected by any fighter of the Indian Air Force.

https://x.com/Tactical_Tipu/status/1987796790339653902?s=20

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Adm. Arun Prakash
@arunp2810
PN pursuit of Sea Denial strategy via acquisition of 8xYuan/Hangor class diesel subs will be countered by IN’s advanced ship/air ASW force. Of concern is this: by 2028 PN will field 11 subs equipped with air independent propulsion while we will have none! A 2022 backgrounder

https://x.com/arunp2810/status/1987470351329346043?s=20

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Sushant Singh
@SushantSin
Confirmation from Pakistan’s top naval official that Chinese submarines will soon arrive in the South Asian country suggests India’s dominance of the Indian Ocean could be tested and that Beijing has overcome a major technical hurdle

https://x.com/SushantSin/status/1987366830508319002?s=20